Avian influenza viruses continue to present challenges to animal and human health. Viruses
bearing the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of the H5 subtype and H7 subtype have caused 2634 …

The H7N9 viruses that emerged in China in 2013 were nonpathogenic in chickens but
mutated to a highly pathogenic form in early 2017 and caused severe disease outbreaks in …

ABSTRACT H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) has continued to spread
and poses a significant threat to both animal and human health. Current influenza vaccine …

Avian influenza, listed by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), has become a
disease of great importance for animal and human health. Several aspects of the disease …

In early 2013, human infections caused by a novel H7N9 avian influenza virus (AIV) were
first reported in China; these infections caused severe disease and death. The virus was …

While the vast majority of our food supplies are nutritious and safe, foodborne pathogen-
related illness still affects millions of people each year. Large outbreaks of foodborne …

Despite substantial efforts to control H5N1 avian influenza viruses (AIVs), the viruses have
continued to evolve and cause disease outbreaks in poultry and infections in humans. In this …

Some H5 viruses isolated in poultry or wild birds between 2020 and 2021 were found to be
antigenically different from the vaccine strains (H5-Re11 and H5-Re12) used in China. In …

Summary Introduction Avian H5N1 influenza viruses currently circulating in southeast Asia
could potentially cause the next pandemic. However, currently licensed human vaccines are …

We mapped the hemagglutinin (HA) antigenic epitopes of a highly pathogenic H5N1
influenza virus on the three-dimensional HA structure by characterizing escape mutants of a …