Cellular hypoxia occurs when the demand for sufficient molecular oxygen needed to
produce the levels of ATP required to perform physiological functions exceeds the vascular …

Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, phenotypically comprising a spectrum of inflammatory
bowel diseases (IBDs), spread globally during the westernization of lifestyle and dietary …

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and CD4+ T cells produce IL-22, which is critical for intestinal
immunity. The microbiota is central to IL-22 production in the intestines; however, the factors …

Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic gastrointestinal disease that is increasing in prevalence
worldwide. CD is multifactorial, involving the complex interplay of genetic, immune, and …

The pathogenetic mechanism of contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI), which is the
third most common cause of hospital-acquired AKI, has not been elucidated. Previously, we …

The diverse bacterial populations that comprise the commensal microbiome of the human
intestine play a central role in health and disease. A method that sustains complex microbial …

The intestinal tract of mammals is colonized by a large number of microorganisms including
trillions of bacteria that are referred to collectively as the gut microbiota. These indigenous …

Butyrate is a key energy source for colonocytes and is produced by the gut microbiota
through fermentation of dietary fiber. Butyrate is a histone deacetylase inhibitor and also …

Immunological niches are focal sites of immune activity that can have varying
microenvironmental features. Hypoxia is a feature of physiological and pathological …

The gastrointestinal tract is a highly proliferative and regenerative tissue. The intestine also
harbors a large and diverse microbial population collectively called the gut microbiome …