The innate immune system is the first line of defense against pathogens, which is initiated by
the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and endogenous …

The outbreak of diseases ordinarily results from the disruption of the balance and harmony
between hosts and pathogens. Devoid of adaptive immunity, shrimp rely largely on the …

Several immune-related molecules in penaeid shrimps have been discovered, most of these
via the analysis of expressed sequence tag libraries, microarray studies and proteomic …

The annual production of shrimp culture in mainland of China has been over one million
tons for several years. The major cultivated penaeidae species are Litopenaeus vannamei …

The first line of defense against microbial infections in animals is innate immune response
which triggers diverse humoral and cellular activities via signal transduction pathways. Toll …

The innate system's recognition of non-self and danger signals is mediated by a limited
number of germ-line encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize pathogen …

Invertebrates, including shrimp, have developed very complicated innate immune system
against pathogens. Much work has been performed on the innate immunity of shrimp …

The function of Toll pathway defense against bacterial infection has been well established in
shrimp, however how this pathway responds to viral infection is still largely unknown. In this …

Invertebrates lack adaptive immunity and innate immunity plays important roles in combating
foreign invasive pathogens. Freshwater crustaceans, which are invertebrates, depend …

Toll-like receptor-mediated NF-κB pathways are essential for inducing immune related-gene
expression in the defense against bacterial, fungal and viral infections in insects and …