Highlights•Dragonflies have a remarkable number of opsin genes.•Opsin genes are
differentially expressed between stages and regions in dragonflies.•Multilayer structure is …

Negative frequency-dependent selection (NFDS) is one of the most powerful selective forces
maintaining genetic polymorphisms in nature. Recently many prospective cases of …

To understand host–parasite interactions, it is necessary to quantify variation and
covariation in defence traits. We quantified parasite resistance and fitness tolerance of a …

Background Establishment of geographic morph frequency clines is difficult to explain in
organisms with limited gene flow. Balancing selection, such as negative frequency …

Many Odonata species exhibit female-limited polymorphisms, where one morph is similar to
the conspecific male in body color and other traits (andromorph), whereas one or more other …

Current research on female colour polymorphism in Ischnura damselflies suggests that a
balanced fitness trade-off between morphotypes contributes to the maintenance of …

Background Sex-limited polymorphisms have long intrigued evolutionary biologists and
have been the subject of long-standing debates. The coexistence of multiple male and/or …

Genetic polymorphisms are powerful model systems to study the maintenance of diversity in
nature. In some systems, polymorphisms are limited to female coloration; these are thought …

A major challenge in evolutionary biology concerns how genetic and phenotypic variation is
created and maintained. In this study, we investigated the origin (s) and evolutionary …

Conspicuous female coloration can evolve through male mate choice or via female-female
competition thereby increasing female mating success. However, when mating is not …