Innate immunity is the first defense system against invading pathogens. Toll-like receptors
(TLRs) are well-defined pattern recognition receptors responsible for pathogen recognition …

Abstract Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICBs), in addition to targeting CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-
L1, novel targeting LAG-3 drugs have also been approved in clinical application. With the …

Intratumoral immunotherapy is an emerging modality for the treatment of solid tumors. Toll-
like receptor (TLR) agonists have shown promise for eliciting immune responses, but …

Established evidence demonstrates that tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells promote rather than
stop-cancer progression. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are abundantly present at …

It is now well accepted that many tumors undergo a process of clonal selection which means
that tumor antigens arising at various stages of tumor progression are likely to be …

Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment landscape in medical oncology, but
its efficacy has been variable across patients. Biomarkers to predict such differential …

Imidazoquinoline derivatives (IMDs) and related compounds function as synthetic agonists
of Toll-like receptors 7 and 8 (TLR7/8) and one is FDA approved for topical antiviral and skin …

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most widely infiltrating immune cells in the
tumor microenvironment (TME). Clinically, the number of TAMs is closely correlated with …

Tumor-associated myeloid cells (TAMCs) are among the most important immune cell
populations in the tumor microenvironment, and play a significant role on the efficacy of …

Cold tumor microenvironment (TME) marked with low effector T cell infiltration leads to weak
response to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment. Thus, switching cold to hot TME is …