Interleukin-23 (IL-23) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine composed of two subunits, IL-23A (p19)
and IL-12/23B (p40), the latter shared with Interleukin-12 (IL-12). IL-23 is mainly produced …

T cells of the γδ lineage are unconventional T cells with functions not restricted to MHC-
mediated antigen presentation. Because of their broad antigen specificity and NK-like …

Abstract The cytokine interleukin-17 (IL-17) has received considerable attention since the
discovery of a distinct CD4+ T helper (TH) cell subset that produces it, known as the TH17 …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria is one of the most potent innate
immune-activating stimuli known. Here we review the current understanding of LPS effects …

Studies of the genetics underlying inflammatory bowel diseases have increased our
understanding of the pathways involved in both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease and …

The spondyloarthropathies are a group of rheumatic diseases that are associated with
inflammation at anatomically distal sites, particularly the tendon-bone attachments …

How defined microbes influence the skin immune system remains poorly understood. Here
we demonstrate that Corynebacteria, dominant members of the skin microbiota, promote a …

Pneumolysin (PLY) is a key Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence factor and potential
candidate for inclusion in pneumococcal subunit vaccines. Dendritic cells (DC) play a key …

Cells of the innate immune system produce cytokines and lipid mediators that strongly
influence the outcome of mycobacterial infection. In the case of Mycobacterium tuberculosis …

Abstract Cytokines IL-17 and IL-22 play pivotal roles in host defense against microbes and
in the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. These cytokines are produced by cells …