As the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has progressed, increasing attention has focused on
establishing natural and vaccine-induced immunity against this coronavirus and the …

Considerable advances have been made in recent years in understanding the generation
and function of memory T cells. Memory T cells are typically parsed into discreet subsets …

Memory T cells induced by previous pathogens can shape susceptibility to, and the clinical
severity of, subsequent infections. Little is known about the presence in humans of pre …

The newly described severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is
responsible for a pandemic (coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]). It is now well …

During microbial infection, pre-existing memory CD8+ T cells that are not specific for the
infecting pathogens can be activated by cytokines without cognate antigens, termed …

Memory T cells constitute the most abundant lymphocyte population in the body for the
majority of a person's lifetime; however, our understanding of memory T cell generation …

Cytokines produced by T helper cells (T h cells) have essential roles in the body's defense
against viruses. Type 1 T helper (Th1) cells are essential for the host defense toward …

During viral infections, significant numbers of T cells are activated in a T cell receptor-
independent and cytokine-dependent manner, a phenomenon referred to as “bystander …

Covid-19: Do many people have pre-existing immunity? | The BMJ Skip to main content
Intended for healthcare professionals Access provided by Google Indexer Subscribe My …

Besides protection against specific microorganisms, vaccines can induce heterologous or
non-specific effects (NSE). Epidemiological data suggest that vaccination with live …