Background The role of the extracranial venous system in the pathology of central nervous
system (CNS) disorders and aging is largely unknown. It is acknowledged that the …

Venous malformations (VMs) are congenital vascular malformations. They are very often
misnamed and thus incorrectly managed. The aim of the present paper is to provide the …

Objective: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by demyelination centered around
cerebral veins. Recent studies suggested this topographic pattern may be caused by venous …

Objective Congenital vascular malformations are a heterogeneous group of lesions with the
potential to cause significant lifelong morbidity in children. Diagnosis and treatment of these …

Venous malformations are the result of an arrested development of the venous system
during the embryogenesis. In the treatment of venous malformations the standard of care is …

Objectives The aim of this report is to assess the safety of endovascular treatment for chronic
cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI). Although balloon angioplasty and stenting …

Background Several studies have reported hypoperfusion of the brain parenchyma in
multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. We hypothesized a possible relationship between abnormal …

Extracranial venous abnormalities, especially jugular venous outflow disturbance, were
originally viewed as nonpathological phenomena due to a lack of realization and …

The truncular venous malformation (VM) represents an embryologically defective vein where
developmental arrest has occurred during the vascular trunk formation period in the 'later …

Background: Extracranial venous stenosis (EVS) has recently been implicated as the
primary cause of multiple sclerosis (MS). Objective: The aim of this study was to determine …