The amino acid sequence of a protein affects both its structure and its function. Thus, the
ability to modify the sequence, and hence the structure and activity, of individual proteins in …

Over the past two decades, directed evolution has transformed the field of protein
engineering. The advances in understanding protein structure and function, in no …

Lignocellulose is the most abundant carbohydrate source in nature and represents an ideal
renewable energy source. Thermostable enzymes that hydrolyze lignocellulose to its …

Understanding the pattern of epistasis—the non-independence of mutations—is critical for
relating genotype and phenotype. However, the combinatorial complexity of potential …

Bispecific antibodies and asymmetric Fc fusion proteins offer opportunities for important
advances in therapeutics. Bivalent IgG depends upon in vivo dimerization of its heavy …

Recent advances in the development of both experimental and computational protein
engineering tools have enabled a number of further successes in the development of …

SCHEMA structure-guided recombination of 3 fungal class II cellobiohydrolases (CBH II
cellulases) has yielded a collection of highly thermostable CBH II chimeras. Twenty-three of …

Enzymes are an attractive alternative in the asymmetric syntheses of chiral building blocks.
To meet the requirements of industrial biotechnology and to introduce new functionalities …

We address recent developments in the area of laboratory, or directed evolution, with a
focus on enzymes and on new methodologies of generic potential. We survey three main …

Directed evolution continues to expand the capabilities of complex biomolecules for a range
of applications, such as adeno-associated virus vectors for gene therapy; however …