Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a typical chronic disease that can be divided into 2 types,
dependent on insulin deficiency or insulin resistance. Incidences of diabetic complications …

Objectives The myoblast cell line, C2C12, has been utilised extensively in vitro as an
examination model in understanding metabolic disease progression. Although it is …

Myostatin is a member of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β superfamily. It is expressed
by animal and human skeletal muscle cells where it limits muscle growth and promotes …

Prolonged obesity is associated with blunted feeding and thermogenic autonomic
responses to leptin, but cardiovascular responses to leptin are maintained. This state of …

Muscle wasting (ie, atrophy) is a serious consequence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) that
reduces muscle strength and function. It reduces the quality of life for CKD patients and …

In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic inflammatory disease, loss of muscle mass is an
important contributor to the loss of muscle strength in RA patients. Myostatin, a myokine …

The regenerative effect of Epimedium and its major bioactive flavonoid icariin (ICA) have
been documented in traditional medicine, but their effect on sarcopenia has not been …

Impairment of gluconeogenesis is a key factor responsible for hyperglycemia in patients with
type 2 diabetes. As an important member of the suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) …

Age-associated increase in ectopic fat degeneration and fibrosis in the skeletal muscle
contribute to muscle degradation and weakness. Quercetin is a bioactive flavonoid with anti …

Sarcopenia, the age-related muscle atrophy, is a serious concern as it is associated with
frailty, reduced physical functions, and increased mortality risk. Protein supplementation is …