Directed evolution aims to expedite the natural evolution process of biological molecules
and systems in a test tube through iterative rounds of gene diversifications and library …

Unique, functional, homodimeric heavy chain–only antibodies, devoid of light chains, are
circulating in the blood of Camelidae. These antibodies recognize their cognate antigen via …

Summary The D1-and D2-dopamine receptors (D1R and D2R), which signal through G s
and G i, respectively, represent the principal stimulatory and inhibitory dopamine receptors …

Our sense of smell enables us to navigate a vast space of chemically diverse odour
molecules. This task is accomplished by the combinatorial activation of approximately 400 …

Cellular signaling networks are the foundation which determines the fate and function of
cells as they respond to various cues and stimuli. The discovery of fluorescent proteins over …

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are modulated by a variety of endogenous and
synthetic ligands, represent the largest family of druggable targets in the human genome …

Camelid single-domain antibody fragments ('nanobodies') provide the remarkable specificity
of antibodies within a single 15-kDa immunoglobulin VHH domain. This unique feature has …

Abstract The β1-adrenoceptor (β1AR) is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that couples
to the heterotrimeric G protein Gs. G-protein-mediated signalling is terminated by …

Activation of the μ-opioid receptor (μOR) is responsible for the efficacy of the most effective
analgesics. To shed light on the structural basis for μOR activation, here we report a 2.1 Å X …

G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate the majority of cellular responses to external
stimuli. Upon activation by a ligand, the receptor binds to a partner heterotrimeric G protein …