The ventral pallidum (VP) plays a critical role in the processing and execution of motivated
behaviors. Yet this brain region is often overlooked in published discussions of the …

Through a widespread efferent projection system, the locus coeruleus–noradrenergic
system supplies norepinephrine throughout the central nervous system. Initial studies …

Previous efforts aimed at attributing discrete behavioral functions to cortical cholinergic
afferents have not resulted in a generally accepted hypothesis about the behavioral …

Dopamine (DA)-containing neurons involved in the regulation of sleep and waking (W) arise
in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). The VTA …

Through a highly divergent efferent projection system, the locus coeruleus-noradrenergic
system supplies norepinephrine throughout the central nervous system. State-dependent …

Locomotor activity is emphasized in this context because it is a dominant component of all
behaviors, and it is fundamental to behavioral adaptation, eg, procurement of food or …

Neuroanatomical substrates associated in the literature with adaptive responding are
discussed, with a focus on the nucleus accumbens. While it is emphasized that the …

Basal forebrain corticopetal neurons participate in the mediation of arousal, specific
attentional functions and rapid eye movement sleep-associated dreaming. Recent studies …

The basal forebrain cholinergic system (BFCS) has long been implicated in age-related
cognitive changes and the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Limitations of …

At its most basic level, the function of mammalian sleep can be described as a restorative
process of the brain and body; recently, however, progressive research has revealed a host …