A review on lead slag generation, characteristics, and utilization

D Pan, L Li, X Tian, Y Wu, N Cheng, H Yu - Resources, Conservation and …, 2019 - Elsevier
Lead slag is produced by the primary and secondary lead industry. The large amount of lead
slag discharge causes environmental problems. Reducing the toxicity and increasing …

Environmental impact and economic assessment of secondary lead production: Comparison of main spent lead-acid battery recycling processes in China

X Tian, Y Wu, P Hou, S Liang, S Qu, M Xu… - Journal of Cleaner …, 2017 - Elsevier
China is the largest lead-acid battery (LAB) consumer and recycler, but suffering from lead
contamination due to the spent-lead recycling problems. This paper describes a …

Analysis of mixing efficiency in a stirred reactor using computational fluid dynamics

A Ramírez-López - Symmetry, 2024 - mdpi.com
Lead recycling is very important for reducing environmental pollution risks and damages.
Liquid lead is recovered from exhaust batteries inside stirred batch reactors; the process …

Immobilisation of lead smelting slag within spent aluminate—fly ash based geopolymers

MB Ogundiran, HW Nugteren, GJ Witkamp - Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2013 - Elsevier
This study presents the solidification/stabilisation and immobilisation of lead smelting slag
(LSS) by its incorporation in coal fly ash–blast furnace slag based geopolymers. It also …

Selective leaching of Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn from secondary lead smelting residues

E Kim, L Horckmans, J Spooren, KC Vrancken… - Hydrometallurgy, 2017 - Elsevier
Several HNO 3-based leaching approaches were tested and optimized to selectively
recover Pb and other minor metals (Cu, Ni, Zn) from secondary lead smelter residues (ie …

12 years of leaching of contaminants from Pb smelter slags: geochemical/mineralogical controls and slag recycling potential

V Ettler, Z Johan - Applied Geochemistry, 2014 - Elsevier
Lead slags from two different metallurgical technologies (primary slag from Pb-ore
processing and secondary slag from car battery recycling) were submitted to 12-year batch …

Introduction: metallurgical slags–environmental liability or valuable resource?

NM Piatak, V Ettler - 2021 - books.rsc.org
Slags are by-products generated by the pyrometallurgical processing of both ferrous and
non-ferrous metal ores and secondary resources (recycling). They are formed during …

Analysis of a more sustainable method for recycling waste lead batteries: Surface renewal promotes desulfurization agent regeneration

Y Ma, P Huang, J Cao, J Zhang, Y Huang, B Chen - Waste Management, 2022 - Elsevier
The traditional sodium desulfurization process for waste lead-acid batteries is beneficial to
the environment; however, it is limited by poor economic viability as the cost of desulfurizer …

Natural weathering of slags from primary Pb–Zn smelting as evidenced by Raman microspectroscopy

S Sobanska, D Deneele, J Barbillat, B Ledésert - Applied Geochemistry, 2016 - Elsevier
Abstract Lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) smelters produce high amount of granulated slags which
are currently stored on unconfined slag heaps and exposed to weathering. The …

Qualitative lead extraction from recycled lead–acid batteries slag

A Smaniotto, A Antunes, I do Nascimento Filho… - Journal of Hazardous …, 2009 - Elsevier
The pyrometallurgic process that the exhausted batteries are submitted for the recovery of
metallic lead generates great amount of a by-product called slag. The slag is composed …