As a result of global change, hosts and parasites (including pathogens) are experiencing
shifts in their thermal environment. Despite the importance of heat stress tolerance for host …

The mammalian immune system packs serious punch against infection but can also cause
harm: for example, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) made headline news of the …

Highlights•Tripartite interactions occur between hosts, their microbiota, and pathogens.•
Competitive and non-competitive interactions can affect pathogen virulence.•The insect …

The immune system affects senescence (declines in probabilities of survival or reproduction
with age), by shaping late age vulnerability to chronic inflammatory diseases and infections …

Bats provide important ecosystem services such as pollination of native forests; they are also
a source of zoonotic pathogens for humans and domestic animals. Human-induced changes …

Highlights•Energetic demands and immunopathology contribute to costs of immunity.•Hosts
must titrate immune responses appropriately to maintain health and fitness in the face of …

In response to infectious disease, hosts typically mount both constitutive and induced
defences. Constitutive defence prevents infection in the first place, while induced defence …

Ecoimmunology is the study of the causes and consequences of variation in immunity. This
integrative field builds on and complements comparative immunology by evaluating …

Genotypic trade-offs are fundamental to the understanding of the evolution of life-history
traits. In particular, the evolution of optimal host defense and the maintenance of variation in …

Sex differences in immunity are found in many species. Known immune mechanisms in
birds and mammals suggest that pathogen detection may be amplified in females, whereas …