Obesity and insulin resistance are associated with chronic inflammation in metabolic tissues
such as adipose tissue and the liver. Recently, growing evidence has implicated the …

Oral tolerance is the state of local and systemic immune unresponsiveness that is induced
by oral administration of innocuous antigen such as food proteins. An analogous but more …

The innate immune system provides many ways to quickly resist infection. The twobest-
studieddefenses indendritic cells (DCs) are the productionof protective cytokines—like …

The coreceptor cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) is pivotal in
regulating the threshold of signals during T cell activation, although the underlying …

Regulatory T (T reg) cells exert powerful down-modulatory effects on immune responses, but
it is not known how they act in vivo. Using intravital two-photon laser scanning microscopy …

Interactions between T cells and dendritic cells (DCs) in the lymph nodes are crucial for
initiating cell-mediated adaptive immune responses. With the help of two-photon imaging …

Tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) emerge during nonresolving peripheral inflammation, but
their impact on disease progression remains unknown. We have found in aged Apoe …

Although the immune system evolved to fight infections, it may also attack and destroy solid
tumors. In most cases, tumor rejection is initiated by CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) …

The vitamin A (VA) metabolite all-trans retinoic acid (RA) plays a key role in mucosal
immune responses. RA is produced by gut-associated dendritic cells (DC) and is required …

Although the plant‐made vaccine field started three decades ago with the promise of
developing low‐cost vaccines to prevent infectious disease outbreaks and epidemics …