Inflammation, a process intimately linked to renal disease, can be defined as a complex
network of interactions between renal parenchymal cells and resident immune cells, such as …

Purpose of the review Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are
conditions that substantially increase morbidity and mortality. Although novel biomarkers are …

In May 2004, a new classification, the RIFLE (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss of kidney function,
and End-stage kidney disease) classification, was proposed in order to define and stratify …

A consensus conference on cardio-renal syndromes (CRS) was held in Venice Italy, in
September 2008 under the auspices of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI). The …

The term cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) increasingly has been used without a consistent or
well-accepted definition. To include the vast array of interrelated derangements, and to …

Neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL), also known as oncogene 24p3,
uterocalin, siderocalin or lipocalin 2, is a 24kDa secreted glycoprotein originally purified …

Background and objectives: The authors have previously shown that urine neutrophil
gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), measured by a research ELISA, is an early …

Background The early prediction of acute kidney injury (AKI) by current clinical and
laboratory methods remains inadequate. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) …

Interleukin (IL)-18, a member of the IL-1 superfamily, is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is
structurally similar to IL-1β. IL-18 promotes the production of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and …

Neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a protein belonging to the lipocalin
superfamily initially found in activated neutrophils, in accordance with its role as an innate …