The recognition that animals sense the world in a different way than we do has unlocked
important lines of research in ecology and evolutionary biology. In practice, the subjective …

Research in the honeybee has laid the foundations for our understanding of insect colour
vision. The trichromatic colour vision of honeybees shares fundamental properties with …

The evolution of flowering plants has undoubtedly been influenced by a pollinator's ability to
learn to associate floral signals with food. Here, we address the question of 'why'flowers …

Color vision is an important sensory capability that enhances the detection of contrast in
retinal images. Monochromatic animals exclusively detect temporal and spatial changes in …

Taste is crucial for honeybees for choosing profitable food sources, resins, water sources,
and for nestmate recognition. Peripheral taste detection occurs within cuticular hairs, the …

Background Learning and perception of visual stimuli by free-flying honeybees has been
shown to vary dramatically depending on the way insects are trained. Fine color …

Colour vision enables animals to detect and discriminate differences in chromatic cues
independent of brightness. How the bee visual system manages this task is of interest for …

Biogenic amines are widely characterized in pathways evaluating reward and punishment,
resulting in appropriate aversive or appetitive responses of vertebrates and invertebrates …

When counting-like abilities were first described in the honeybee in the mid-1990s, many
scholars were sceptical, but such capacities have since been confirmed in a number of …

Background Deterrent substances produced by plants are relevant due to their potential
toxicity. The fact that most of these substances have an unpalatable taste for humans and …