This chapter surveys research on the demand for protectionism as well as theoretical and
empirical work on the (i) electoral mechanisms, the (ii) lobbying institutions, and the (iii) …

This paper evaluates whether lobbying influence is open to the highest bidder or boosted by
congruence with popular opinion. Common wisdom holds that well‐endowed organizations …

This paper studies the political influence of individual firms on congressional decisions to
suspend tariffs on US imports of intermediate goods. We develop a legislative bargaining …

How do we understand differences in effectiveness in lobbying for trade policy? To explain
lobbying effectiveness, I introduce a new measure into Grossman and Helpman's (1994 …

This paper proposes a selective review of the political and economics literature on non-tariff
measures (NTMs), with special emphasis on the so-called behindthe-border measures, such …

This paper studies the political influence of individual firms on Congressional decisions to
suspend tariffs on US imports of intermediate goods. We develop a model in which firms …

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A standard finding in the political economy of trade policy literature is that we should expect
export-oriented industries to attract more assistance than import-competing industries. In …

Foundational theories of trade politics emphasize a conflict between consumer welfare and
protectionist lobbies. But these theories ignore other powerful lobbies that also shape trade …

This paper proposes a new test of the Protection for Sale (PFS) model by Grossman and
Helpman (1994). Unlike existing methods in the literature, our approach does not require …