CD28 and CTLA-4 are members of a family of immunoglobulin-related receptors that are
responsible for various aspects of T-cell immune regulation. The family includes CD28 …

Researchers working on the development of vaccines face an inherent dilemma: to
maximize immunogenicity without compromising safety and tolerability. Early vaccines often …

Programmed cell death–1 (PD-1)–targeted therapies enhance T cell responses and show
efficacy in multiple cancers, but the role of costimulatory molecules in this T cell rescue …

Emerging reports show that metabolic pathways can be targeted to enhance T cell-mediated
immunity to tumors. Yet, tumors consume key metabolites in the host to survive, thus robbing …

Recent work shows that after stimulation with antigen, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells embark on a
programme of proliferation that is closely linked with the acquisition of effector functions and …

T‐cell activation is mediated by antigen‐specific signals from the TCRζ/CD3 and CD4–CD8–
p56lck complexes in combination with additional co‐signals provided by coreceptors such …

CD28/B7 costimulation has been implicated in the induction and progression of autoimmune
diseases. Experimentally induced models of autoimmunity have been shown to be …

The T cell compartment of adaptive immunity provides vertebrates with the potential to
survey for and respond specifically to an incredible diversity of antigens. The T cell …

Technological advances in recent years have allowed for an ever-expanding ability to
analyze and quantify in vivo immune responses. MHC tetramers, intracellular cytokine …

The ability of naive T cells to clonally expand and acquire effector functions depends on the
strength of signals received by the T-cell receptor (TCR) and by an array of co-stimulatory …