Several critical steps in the replication cycle of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)–
entry, assembly and budding–are complex processes that take place at the plasma …

The replication and pathogenicity of lentiviruses is crucially modulated by “auxiliary proteins”
which are expressed in addition to the canonical retroviral ORFs gag, pol, and env …

Autophagy influences numerous cellular processes, including innate and adaptive immunity
against intracellular pathogens. However, some viruses, including dengue virus (DENV) …

Macrophages are an important natural target cell for HIV-1, but previous studies of virus
entry into these cells are limited, and the involvement of membrane cholesterol and lipid …

The host-cell restriction factor SERINC5 potently suppresses the infectivity of HIV, type 1
(HIV-1) particles, and is counteracted by the viral pathogenesis factor Nef. However, the …

Background HIV-1, like all viruses, is entirely dependent on the host cell for providing the
metabolic resources for completion of the viral replication cycle and the production of virions …

Retroviruses undergo several critical steps to complete a replication cycle. These include
the complex processes of virus entry, assembly, and budding that often take place at the …

Nef-mediated internalization of T-cell receptor molecules from the surface of an infected cell
is required for the pathogenicity of HIV and disease progression to AIDS. This function …

Gold nanoparticles (NPs) wrapped in a membrane can be utilized as artificial virus
nanoparticles (AVNs) that combine the large nonblinking or bleaching optical cross-section …

Viruses acquire their envelope by budding from a host cell membrane, but viral lipid
composition may differ from that of the budding membrane. We have previously reported that …