The visual/β-arrestins, a small family of proteins originally described for their role in the
desensitization and intracellular trafficking of G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), have …

PTH and Vitamin D are two major regulators of mineral metabolism. They play critical roles
in the maintenance of calcium and phosphate homeostasis as well as the development and …

A great deal of experimental evidence suggests that ligands can stabilize different receptor
active states that go on to interact with cellular signaling proteins to form a range of different …

Phospholipase C (PLC) converts phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate (PIP2) to inositol 1,
4, 5-trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). DAG and IP3 each control diverse cellular …

Exercise perturbs homeostasis, alters the levels of circulating mediators and hormones, and
increases the demand by skeletal muscles and other vital organs for energy substrates …

Pericytes, the mural cells of blood microvessels, regulate microvascular development and
function and have been implicated in many brain diseases. However, due to a paucity of …

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate physiological responses to various ligands,
such as hormones, neurotransmitters and sensory stimuli. The signalling and trafficking …

GPCRs represent the largest family of integral membrane proteins and were first identified
as receptor proteins that couple via heterotrimeric G‐proteins to regulate a vast variety of …

Parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related protein receptor (PTH/PTHrP type 1
receptor; commonly known as PTHR1) is a family B G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that …

The superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) could be subclassified into 7
families (A, B, large N-terminal family B-7 transmembrane helix, C, Frizzled/Smoothened …