Epigenetics has the potential to explain various biological phenomena that have heretofore
defied complete explication. This review describes the various types of endogenous human …

Stress has a critical role in the development and expression of many psychiatric disorders,
and is a defining feature of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Stress also limits the …

Extinction serves as the leading theoretical framework and experimental model to describe
how learned behaviors diminish through absence of anticipated reinforcement. In the past …

The formation, storage and use of memories is critical for normal adaptive functioning,
including the execution of goal-directed behavior, thinking, problem solving and decision …

Neuronal activity-induced gene expression modulates the function and plasticity of the
nervous system. It is unknown whether and to what extent neuronal activity may trigger …

Traumatic events generate some of the most enduring forms of memories. Despite the
elevated lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders, effective strategies to attenuate long-term …

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are products of microbial fermentation of dietary fiber in the
colon and may mediate microbiota-gut-brain communication. However, their role in …

Anxiety is the most prevalent psychiatric problem of our time. Decades of research have
gone into probing its mysteries and developing treatments. But what if we've been thinking …

The high rates of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
diagnoses encountered in recent years by the United States Veterans Affairs Healthcare …

One of the major challenges of cocaine addiction is the high rate of relapse to drug use after
periods of withdrawal. During the first few weeks of withdrawal, cue-induced cocaine craving …