The effects of climate change on biodiversity are increasingly well documented, and many
methods have been developed to assess species' vulnerability to climatic changes, both …

Climate refugia, locations where taxa survive periods of regionally adverse climate, are
thought to be critical for maintaining biodiversity through the glacial–interglacial climate …

Bioclimatic envelope models use associations between aspects of climate and species'
occurrences to estimate the conditions that are suitable to maintain viable populations. Once …

Ecology Letters (2011) 14: 484–492 Abstract Europe has the world's most extensive network
of conservation areas. Conservation areas are selected without taking into account the …

Ecological niches reflect not only adaptation to local circumstances but also the tendency of
related lineages to share environmental tolerances. As a result, information on phylogenetic …

Today's scientists are facing the enormous challenge of predicting how climate change will
affect species distributions and species assemblages. To do so, ecologists are widely using …

Populations left behind during climate-driven range shifts can persist in enclaves of benign
environmental conditions within an inhospitable regional climate. Such climate relicts exist …

Predicting past distributions of species climatic niches, hindcasting, by using climate
envelope models (CEMs) is emerging as an exciting research area. CEMs are used to …

Macaronesia is a biogeographical region comprising five Atlantic Oceanic archipelagos: the
Azores, Madeira, Selvagen (Savage Islands), Canaries and Cape Verde. It has strong …

Phylogeography, born to bridge population genetics and phylogenetics in an explicit
geographic context, has provided a successful platform for unveiling species evolutionary …