Background Transcranial direct current stimulation has shown promising clinical results,
leading to increased demand for an evidence-based review on its clinical effects. Objective …

In the past three decades, our understanding of brain–behavior relationships has been
significantly shaped by research using non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques …

A group of European experts was commissioned by the European Chapter of the
International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology to gather knowledge about the state of …

Direct current stimulation is a neuromodulatory noninvasive brain stimulation tool, which
was first introduced in animal and human experiments in the 1950s, and added to the …

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a unique form of non-invasive brain
stimulation. Sinusoidal alternating electric currents are delivered to the scalp to affect mostly …

Several techniques and protocols of non-invasive transcranial brain stimulation (NIBS),
including transcranial magnetic and electrical stimuli, have been developed in the past …

Background/objectives Over the last ten years, an increasing number of authors have used
the theta burst stimulation (TBS) protocol to investigate long-term potentiation (LTP) and …

In recent years, there has been remarkable progress in the understanding and practical use
of transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) techniques. Nevertheless, to date, this …

The combination of pharmacology and transcranial magnetic stimulation to study the effects
of drugs on TMS-evoked EMG responses (pharmaco-TMS-EMG) has considerably improved …

Key points Applications of transcranial direct current stimulation to modulate human
neuroplasticity have increased in research and clinical settings. However, the need for …