The state of the intestinal environment can have profound effects on the activity of the central
nervous system through the physiological contributions of the microbiota, regulation of …

Involuntary movements, or dyskinesia, represent a debilitating complication of levodopa (L-
dopa) therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) are ultimately …

The control over the extent and timing of G protein signaling is provided by the regulator of G
protein signaling (RGS) proteins that deactivate G protein α subunits (Gα). Mammalian …

GPCRs represent the largest family of integral membrane proteins and were first identified
as receptor proteins that couple via heterotrimeric G‐proteins to regulate a vast variety of …

G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) convey signals across membranes via interaction with
G proteins. Originally, an individual GPCR was thought to signal through one G protein …

Abstract γ-aminobutyric acid type B (GABA B) receptors are broadly expressed in the
nervous system and play an important role in neuronal excitability. GABA B receptors are G …

Adhesion-type heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide–binding protein (G protein)–coupled
receptors (Adhesion-GPCRs) comprise a class of widely distributed seven-transmembrane …

Bacteria commonly utilise a unique type of transporter, called Feo, to specifically acquire the
ferrous (Fe 2+) form of iron from their environment. Enterobacterial Feo systems are …

Investigators studying G protein–coupled signaling—often called the best-understood
pathway in the world owing to intense research in medical fields—have adopted plants as a …

The G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling system is one of the main signaling
pathways in eukaryotes. Here, we analyze the evolutionary history of all its components …