Transcription factors bind in a combinatorial fashion to specify the on-and-off states of
genes; the ensemble of these binding events forms a regulatory network, constituting the …

Floral homeotic transcription factors (TFs) act in a combinatorial manner to specify the organ
identities in the flower. However, the architecture and the function of the gene regulatory …

Represented as graphs, real networks are intricate combinations of order and disorder.
Fixing some of the structural properties of network models to their values observed in real …

Bow-tie or hourglass structure is a common architectural feature found in many biological
systems. A bow-tie in a multi-layered structure occurs when intermediate layers have much …

Phenotypic (non-genetic) heterogeneity has significant implications for the development and
evolution of organs, organisms, and populations. Recent observations in multiple cancers …

Angiosperms have a complex history of whole-genome duplications (WGDs), with varying
numbers and ages of WGD events across clades. These WGDs have greatly affected the …

Network motifs are significantly overrepresented subgraphs that have been proposed as
building blocks for natural and engineered networks. Detailed functional analysis has been …

The survival prospects of threatened species or populations can sometimes be improved by
adaptive change. Such evolutionary rescue is particularly relevant when the threat comes …

Much of the striking diversity of life on Earth has arisen from variations in the way that the
same molecules and networks operate during development to shape and pattern tissues …

Patterns and processes emerge unbidden in complex systems when many simple entities
interact. This overview emphasizes the role of networks in emergence, notably network …