Abstract Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 belongs to the TLR family of receptors inducing pro-
inflammatory responses to invading pathogens. TLR4 is activated by lipopolysaccharide …

Protection from harmful pathogens depends on activation of the immune system, which
relies on tight regulation of gene expression. Recently, the RNA modification N 6 …

Inflammasomes are multiprotein signalling platforms that control the inflammatory response
and coordinate antimicrobial host defences. They are assembled by pattern-recognition …

Chronic inflammation is a hallmark of obesity and is linked to the development of numerous
diseases. The activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) by long-chain saturated fatty acids …

The innate immune response to lipopolysaccharide is essential for host defense against
Gram-negative bacteria. In response to bacterial infection, the TLR4/MD-2 complex that is …

Receptors of the innate immune system detect conserved determinants of microbial and viral
origin. Activation of these receptors initiates signaling events that culminate in an effective …

The discovery of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) was an important event for immunology research
and was recognized as such with the awarding of the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or …

MyD88 is the canonical adaptor for inflammatory signaling pathways downstream of
members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor families. MyD88 …

Macrophages mediate crucial innate immune responses via caspase-1-dependent
processing and secretion of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and IL-18. Although infection with wild …

The innate immune system constitutes the first line of defense against invading microbial
pathogens and relies on a large family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which detect …