Heterotrophic plate count (HPC) is widely assessed in drinking water distribution systems.
However, methodological standards and guidelines on the use of HPC are not clearly …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs or exosomes) are well described for bacterial pathogens
associated with our gastrointestinal system, and more recently as a novel mechanism for …

In spring 2020, numerous buildings were closed or operated at reduced occupancies to
slow the spread of COVID-19. An unintended consequence of these social distancing …

Centralized water supply in rural areas, supported by small waterworks (small-central mode)
and by municipal water treatment plants (urban-extension mode), is an important guarantee …

The main goal was to investigate the effectiveness of cryosauna in preventing the
development of delayed onset muscle soreness and to analyze the regenerative changes …

Precise and rapid methods are needed to improve monitoring approaches of L.
pneumophila (Lp) in cooling towers (CTs) to allow timely operational adjustments and …

In this study, we compared conventional vacuum filtration of small volumes through disc
membranes (effective sample volumes for potable water: 0.3–1.0 L) with filtration of high …

Secondary disinfection aims to prevent microbial regrowth during distribution by maintaining
disinfectant residuals in water systems. However, multi-factorial interactions contribute to …

To date, in many countries the only legally valid method for evaporative cooling system
(ECS) monitoring is the culture method. However, a duration of up to 14 days and a risk of …

Seven public water systems in Minnesota, USA were analyzed from one to five times over a
two-year period to assess temporal changes in the concentrations of total bacteria …