Global warming, extreme climate events, earthquakes and their accompanying
socioeconomic disasters pose significant risks to humanity. Yet due to the nonlinear …

Tipping elements are components of the Earth system which may respond nonlinearly to
anthropogenic climate change by transitioning toward substantially different long‐term …

The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC)—a system of ocean currents in the
North Atlantic—has a major impact on climate, yet its evolution during the industrial era is …

Regime shifts are large, abrupt, and persistent critical transitions in the function and structure
of ecosystems. Yet, it is unknown how these transitions will interact, whether the occurrence …

The Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) is a potentially unstable component of the Earth system and
may exhibit a critical transition under ongoing global warming. Mass reductions of the GrIS …

Abstract Lake Chad, in the Sahelian zone of west-central Africa, provides food and water to~
50 million people and supports unique ecosystems and biodiversity. In the past decades, it …

Climate models are the major tools to study the climate system and its evolutions in the
future. However, climate simulations often present statistical biases and have to be corrected …

Nearly every glacier in Greenland has thinned or retreated over the past few decades,,–,
leading to glacier acceleration, increased rates of sea-level rise and climate impacts around …

This paper investigates the long-term implications of climate change on global migration and
inequality. Accounting for the effects of changing temperatures, sea levels, and the …

Climate tipping elements are large-scale subsystems of the Earth that may transgress critical
thresholds (tipping points) under ongoing global warming, with substantial impacts on the …