Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic 3‐dimensional network of macromolecules that
provides structural support for the cells and tissues. Accumulated knowledge clearly …

Synthetic biopolymers are effective cues to replace damaged tissue in the tissue
engineering (TE) field, both for in vitro and in vivo application. Among them, poly-l-lactic acid …

Collagen is an insoluble fibrous protein that composes the extracellular matrix in animals.
Although collagen has been used as a biomaterial since 1881, the properties and the …

Collagen is a ubiquitous biomaterial in vertebrate animals. Although each of its 28 subtypes
contributes to the functions of many different tissues in the body, most studies on collagen or …

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by progressive cartilage
degradation but also synovial membrane inflammation, osteophyte formation and …

Agarose is a natural polysaccharide polymer having unique characteristics that give reason
to consider it for tissue engineering applications. Special characteristics of agarose such as …

Inflammatory diseases are caused by abnormal immune responses and are characterized
by an imbalance of inflammatory mediators and cells. In recent years, the anti-inflammatory …

Damaged hyaline cartilage has no capacity for self-healing, making osteoarthritis
(OA)“difficult-to-treat”. Cartilage destruction is central to OA patho-etiology and is mediated …

Mechanical stress plays a critical role in cartilage development and homoeostasis.
Chondrocytes are surrounded by a narrow pericellular matrix (PCM), which absorbs …

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease characterized by loss of articular cartilage and
chronic inflammation, involving multiple cellular dysfunctions and tissue lesions. The non …