Reversible silencing of neuronal activity is a powerful approach for isolating the roles of
specific neuronal populations in circuit dynamics and behavior. In contrast with neuronal …

The development of artificial intelligence has posed a challenge to machine vision based on
conventional complementary metal‐oxide semiconductor (CMOS) circuits owing to its high …

Perceptual decisions involve distributed cortical activity. Does information flow sequentially
from one cortical area to another, or do networks of interconnected areas contribute at the …

Despite the increasing use of optogenetics in vivo, the effects of direct light exposure to brain
tissue are understudied. Of particular concern is the potential for heat induced by prolonged …

Optogenetics allows manipulations of genetically and spatially defined neuronal populations
with excellent temporal control. However, neurons are coupled with other neurons over …

Incoming sensory information is sent to the brain along modality-specific channels
corresponding to the five senses. Each of these channels further parses the incoming …

Feedback connections are prevalent throughout the cerebral cortex, yet their function
remains poorly understood. Previous studies in anesthetized monkeys found that …

Area V5 of the visual brain, first identified anatomically in 1969 as a separate visual area, is
critical for the perception of visual motion. As one of the most intensively studied parts of the …

The hard problem of consciousness is the problem of explaining how we experience qualia
or phenomenal experiences, such as seeing, hearing, and feeling, and knowing what they …

Human perception is remarkably flexible: We experience vivid three-dimensional (3D)
structure under diverse conditions, from the seemingly random magic-eye stereograms to …