The measurement of fitness is critical to biological research. Although the determination of
fitness for some organisms may be relatively straightforward under controlled conditions, it is …

Indirect genetic effects (IGEs) are environmental influences on the phenotype of one
individual that are due to the expression of genes in a different, conspecific, individual …

The scientific study of networks-computer, social, and biological-has received an enormous
amount of interest in recent years. However, the network approach has been applied to the …

Kin recognition is important in animal social systems. However, though plants often compete
with kin, there has been as yet no direct evidence that plants recognize kin in competitive …

Ecology Letters (2011) 14: 511–521 Abstract Flowering times of plants are important life‐
history components and it has previously been hypothesized that flowering phenologies …

Social interactions often affect the fitness of interactants. Because of this, social selection
has been described as a process distinct from other forms of natural selection. Social …

Understanding the mechanics of adaptive evolution requires not only knowing the
quantitative genetic bases of the traits of interest but also obtaining accurate measures of the …

Interaction among individuals is universal, both in animals and in plants, and substantially
affects evolution of natural populations and responses to artificial selection in agriculture …

Evolution has been viewed as occurring primarily through selection among individuals. We
present a framework based on multilevel selection for evaluating evolutionary change from …

Interactions among conspecifics influence social evolution through two distinct but intimately
related paths. First, they provide the opportunity for indirect genetic effects (IGEs), where …