Abstract The Miocene epoch (23.03–5.33 Ma) was a time interval of global warmth, relative
to today. Continental configurations and mountain topography transitioned toward modern …

Abstract Changes in the zonal gradients of sea surface temperature (SST) across the
equatorial Pacific have major consequences for global climate. Therefore, accurate future …

There exists a range of subsystems in the climate system exhibiting threshold behaviour
which could be triggered under global warming within this century resulting in severe …

The present paper addresses driving mechanisms of global monsoon (GM) variability and
outstanding issues in GM science. This is the second synthesis of the PAGES GM Working …

Ocean ecosystems have responded and will continue to respond to climate changes of
different rates, magnitudes, and durations (virtually certain). Human societies depend on …

East Africa is one of the most vulnerable regions of Africa to extreme weather and climate
events. Regional and local information on climate extremes is critical for monitoring and …

The term “tipping point” commonly refers to a critical threshold at which a tiny perturbation
can qualitatively alter the state or development of a system. Here we introduce the term …

Abstract Across the Miocene–Pliocene boundary (MPB; 5.3 million years ago, Ma), late
Miocene cooling gave way to the early-to-middle Pliocene Warm Period. This transition …

Over the past 3.5 million years, there have been several intervals when climate conditions
were warmer than during the pre-industrial Holocene. Although past intervals of warming …

The ENSO observing system in the tropical Pacific plays an important role in monitoring
ENSO and helping improve the understanding and prediction of ENSO. Occurrence of …