Although most patients with chronic pain are women, the preclinical literature regarding pain
processing and the pathophysiology of chronic pain has historically been derived …

Highlights•Female subjects are underrepresented in animal research.•Recent studies
demonstrate that unstaged female rodents are no more variable than males.•Factorial …

A large and rapidly increasing body of evidence indicates that microglia-to-neuron signaling
is essential for chronic pain hypersensitivity. Using multiple approaches, we found that …

Recent years have witnessed substantially increased research regarding sex differences in
pain. The expansive body of literature in this area clearly suggests that men and women …

Females greatly outnumber males as sufferers of chronic pain. Although social and
psychological factors certainly play a role in the differences in prevalence and incidence …

A clear majority of patients with chronic pain are women; however, it has been surprisingly
difficult to determine whether this sex bias corresponds to actual sex differences in pain …

Differences in the prevalence of chronic pain in women vs. men are well known, and
decades of laboratory experimentation have demonstrated that women are more sensitive to …

Chronic pain affects 20% of adults and is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide.
Women and girls are disproportionally affected by chronic pain. About half of chronic pain …

Sex-related influences on pain and analgesia have become a topic of tremendous scientific
and clinical interest, especially in the last 10 to 15 years. Members of our research group …

Acute postoperative pain is followed by persistent pain in 10–50% of individuals after
common operations, such as groin hernia repair, breast and thoracic surgery, leg …