Abstract Interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5 and IL-13, the signature cytokines that are produced during
type 2 immune responses, are critical for protective immunity against infections of …

Although enhancers are crucial and widespread gene-regulatory elements, we are far from
a complete understanding of how they function or their importance in areas such as disease …

Long-range interactions between regulatory elements and gene promoters play key roles in
transcriptional regulation. The vast majority of interactions are uncharted, constituting a …

CD4 T cells play critical roles in mediating adaptive immunity to a variety of pathogens. They
are also involved in autoimmunity, asthma, and allergic responses as well as in tumor …

The classical pathway of interferon-γ-dependent activation of macrophages by T helper 1
(TH1)-type responses is a well-established feature of cellular immunity to infection with …

Abstract In 1986, Mosmann and Coffman identified 2 subsets of activated CD4 T cells, Th1
and Th2 cells, which differed from each other in their pattern of cytokine production and their …

CD4+ T cells, also known as T‐helper (Th) cells, play an important role in orchestrating
adaptive immune responses to various infectious agents. They are also involved in the …

After encountering antigen, helper T (TH) cells undergo differentiation to effector cells, which
can secrete high levels of interferon-γ, interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-10 and other …

Antigen-presenting cells (APC) tailor immune responses to microbial encounters by
stimulating differentiation of CD4 T cells into the Th1 and Th2 lineages. We demonstrate that …

Transcriptional control is a major mechanism for regulating gene expression. The complex
machinery required to effect this control is still emerging from functional and evolutionary …