Addiction is a complex disease that impacts millions of people around the world. Clinically,
addiction is formalized as substance use disorder (SUD), with three primary symptom …

Suboptimal decision-making strategies have been proposed to contribute to the
pathophysiology of addiction. Decision-making, however, arises from a collection of …

We examined cell type-specific expression and distribution of rat brain angiotensin-
converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor for SARS-CoV-2, in the rodent brain. ACE2 is …

Rationale During value-based decision-making, organisms make choices on the basis of
reward expectations, which have been formed during prior action-outcome learning …

Deficits in impulse control and attention are prominent in the symptomatology of mental
disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), substance addiction …

Oscillatory brain activities support many physiological functions from motor control to
cognition. Disruptions of the normal oscillatory brain activities are commonly observed in …

Dopamine has been implicated in value-based learning and decision making by signaling
reward prediction errors and facilitating cognitive flexibility, incentive motivation, and …

Impaired cognitive flexibility in visual reversal-learning tasks has been observed in a wide
range of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Although both human and animal …

Rationale Dopamine D2-like receptors (D2R) are important drug targets in schizophrenia
and Parkinson's disease, but D2R ligands also cause cognitive inflexibility such as poor …

Being able to limit the pursuit of reward to prevent negative consequences is an important
expression of behavioral inhibition. Everyday examples of an inability to exert such control …