Background: The connection between uric acid (UA) and renal impairment is well known
due to the urate capacity to precipitate within the tubules or extra-renal system. Emerging …

Uric acid (UA) is synthesized mainly in the liver, intestines, and vascular endothelium as the
end product of an exogenous purine from food and endogenously from damaged, dying …

Background Allopurinol is a urate-lowering therapy used to treat patients with gout. Previous
studies have shown that allopurinol has positive effects on several cardiovascular …

Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the most important molecules released by endothelial cells, and
its antiatherogenic properties support cardiovascular homeostasis. Diminished NO …

Hyperuricemia is a common metabolic syndrome. Elevated uric acid levels are risk factors
for gout, hypertension, and chronic kidney diseases. Furthermore, various epidemiological …

Abstract Purpose of Review Atherosclerosis is now considered a chronic inflammatory
disease. Oxidative stress induced by generation of excess reactive oxygen species has …

Nitric oxide (NO) is a small free radical with critical signaling roles in physiology and
pathophysiology. The generation of sufficient NO levels to regulate the resistance of the …

Major reactive oxygen species (ROS)–producing systems in vascular wall include NADPH
(reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxidase, xanthine oxidase …

Vascular disease and heart failure impart an enormous burden in terms of global morbidity
and mortality. Although there are many different causes of cardiac and vascular disease …

In the vascular wall, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by several enzyme
systems including NADPH oxidase, xanthine oxidase, uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide …