Biofouling is the growth of organisms on wet surfaces. Biofouling includes micro-(bacteria
and unicellular algae) and macrofouling (mussels, barnacles, tube worms, bryozoans, etc.) …

Most calcifying organisms show depressed metabolic, growth and calcification rates as
symptoms to high-CO2 due to ocean acidification (OA) process. Analysis of the global …

The microbiome plays a key role in the health of all metazoans. Whether and how the
microbiome favors the adaptation processes of organisms to extreme conditions, such as …

Ocean acidification (OA) is beginning to have noticeable negative impact on calcification
rate, shell structure and physiological energy budgeting of several marine organisms; these …

Calcifying marine invertebrates with complex life cycles are particularly at risk to climate
changes as they undergo an abrupt ontogenetic shift during larval metamorphosis. Although …

The majority of benthic marine invertebrates have a complex life cycle, during which the
pelagic larvae select a suitable substrate, attach to it, and then metamorphose into benthic …

Abstract Background The Fujian oyster Crassostrea angulata is an economically important
species that has typical settlement and metamorphosis stages. The development of the …

The transition in an animal from a pelagic larval stage to a sessile benthic juvenile typically
requires major morphological and behavioral changes. Larval competency, attachment and …

Larval development, especially settlement and metamorphosis, has a vital influence on
commercial culture during the life cycle of marine invertebrates. Sipunculus nudus, a peanut …

Barnacles are major sessile components of the intertidal areas worldwide, and also one of
the most dominant fouling organisms in fouling communities. Larval settlement has a crucial …