Cilia and flagella are fundamental units of motion in cellular biology. These beating, hair-like
organelles share a common basic structure but maintain widely varying functions in systems …

Transmitter signalling is the universal chemical language of any nervous system, but little is
known about its early evolution. Here, we summarize data about the distribution and …

We study the emergent behaviors of a population of swarming coupled oscillators, dubbed
swarmalators. Previous work considered the simplest, idealized case: identical …

Collective cell contractions that generate global tissue deformations are a signature feature
of animal movement and morphogenesis. However, the origin of collective contractility in …

Glutamate (Glu) is the primary excitatory transmitter in the mammalian brain. But, we know
little about the evolutionary history of this adaptation, including the selection of l-glutamate …

In nervous systems, there are two main modes of transmission for the propagation of activity
between cells. Synaptic transmission relies on close contact at chemical or electrical …

How to make a neuron, a synapse, and a neural circuit? Is there only one 'design'for a
neural architecture with a universally shared genomic blueprint across species? The brief …

Discussions of the function of early nervous systems usually focus on a causal flow from
sensors to effectors, by which an animal coordinates its actions with exogenous changes in …

Two hypotheses for the early radiation of the metazoans are vividly discussed in recent
phylogenomic studies, the 'Porifera-first'hypothesis, which places the poriferans as the sister …

Epithelial tissues provide an important barrier function in animals, but these tissues are
subjected to extreme strains during day-to-day activities such as feeding and locomotion …