The current worldwide energy directives are oriented toward reducing energy consumption
and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. The exponential increase in the production of …

The demand for the large-scale storage system has gained much interest. Among all the
criteria for the large-scale electrical energy storage systems (EESSs), low cost ($ k Wh− 1) is …

Electric rail transit systems are the large consumers of energy. In trains with regenerative
braking capability, a fraction of the energy used to power a train is regenerated during …

There is increasing interest in the potential of urban rail to reduce the impact of metropolitan
transportation due to its high capacity, reliability and absence of local emissions. However …

In a society characterised by increasing rates of urbanisation and growing concerns about
environmental issues like climate change, urban rail transport plays a key role in …

Regenerative braking is an energy recovery mechanism that converts the kinetic energy
during braking into electricity, also known as regenerative energy. In general, most of the …

The hybrid energy storage system (HESS), which is composed of battery and ultracapacitor,
is established to enhance the performance of an electric vehicle (EV). Moreover, several …

Public transportation systems (PTSs) play an important role in modern cities, providing
shared/massive transportation services that are essential for the general public. However …

For improving the energy efficiency of railway systems, onboard energy storage devices
(OESDs) have been applied to assist the traction and recover the regenerative energy. This …

Specific applications such as recreational vehicles require new developments with respect
to their energy storage system (ESS). Despite some recent trends in battery development …