Intact, coordinated, and precisely regulated cerebrovascular responses are required for the
maintenance of cerebral metabolic homeostasis, adequate perfusion, oxygen delivery, and …

The alveolar gas equation is used to calculate alveolar oxygen partial pressure as it is not
possible to collect gases directly from the alveoli. The equation is helpful in calculating and …

The use of physiological models in medicine allows the evaluation of new hypotheses,
development of diagnosis and clinical treatment applications, and development of training …

Background Exercise intolerance, obesity, and low hemoglobin (hemoglobin< 13 and< 12
g/dl, men/women, respectively) are common features of heart failure. Despite serving as …

A high dead space (VD) to tidal volume (VT) ratio during peak exercise (VD/V Tpeak) is a
sensitive and consistent marker of gas exchange abnormalities; therefore, it is important in …

Background: Minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production (V̇E/V̇CO 2) is a variable of
cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), which is evaluated by arterial CO 2 pressure and …

Patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) exhibit cardiopulmonary
abnormalities that could affect the predictability of exercise P a CO 2 from the Jones …

Aims In patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), it remains unclear
how exacerbated impairments in peak exercise oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak) caused by …

Background Peak exercise pulmonary oxygen uptake (V̇O 2) is a primary marker of
prognosis in heart failure (HF). The pathophysiology of impaired peak V̇O 2 is unclear in …

Aim In contrast to knowledge that heart failure (HF) patients demonstrate peak exercise
uncoupling across ventilation, gas exchange and cardiac haemodynamics, whether this …