Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in biological systems are transient but essential molecules
that are generated and eliminated by a complex set of delicately balanced molecular …

The free radical nitric oxide (· NO) is a key mediator in different physiological processes such
as vasodilation, neurotransmission, inflammation, and cellular immune responses, and thus …

Tumor cells elicit metabolic reprogramming to establish an immunosuppressive tumor
microenvironment (TME) for escaping from immunosurveillance. Therefore, interrupting the …

The carbon dioxide/bicarbonate (CO 2/HCO 3-) molecular pair is ubiquitous in mammalian
cells and tissues, mainly as a result of oxidative decarboxylation reactions that occur during …

The immune system and skeletal system are closely linked. Macrophages are one of the
most important immune cells for bone remodeling, playing a prohealing role mainly through …

Mitochondria are the main powerhouse of the cell, generating ATP through the tricarboxylic
acid cycle (TCA) and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), which drives myriad cellular …

Inflammation is activated by diverse triggers that induce the expression of cytokines and
adhesion molecules, which permit a succession of molecules and cells to deliver stimuli and …

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer type among women with a distinct clinical
presentation, but the survival rate remains moderate despite advances in multimodal …

Healthy cells have developed a sophisticated network of antioxidant molecules to prevent
the toxic accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by diverse …

Background and aims Increased cardiac inflammation and oxidative stress are common
features in obesity, and toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 signaling is a key inflammatory pathway in …