Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), represented by Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis,
are associated with major morbidity in Western countries and with increasing incidence in …

T-helper 17 (Th17) and T-regulatory (Treg) cells are frequently found at barrier surfaces,
particularly within the intestinal mucosa, where they function to protect the host from …

Recently, substantial advances in the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have been made owing to three related lines of …

A lack of regulatory T (TReg) cells that express CD4, CD25 and forkhead box P3 (FOXP3)
results in severe autoimmunity in both mice and humans. Since the discovery of TReg cells …

Autoreactive inflammatory CD4+ T cells, such as T helper (Th) 1 and Th17 subtypes, have
been found to associate with the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders. On the other hand …

Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate
amounts, confer a health benefit on the host, including the gastrointestinal tract. While this …

Summary Interleukin‐15 (IL‐15) exerts many biological functions essential for the
maintenance and function of multiple cell types. Although its expression is tightly regulated …

Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is thought to result from an aberrant immune
response. Inflammation in IBD may be caused by the loss of homeostasis between CD4+ …

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by chronic inflammation of the colonic mucosa.
Administration of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to animals is a frequently used model to …

Oxidative stress is thought to play a key role in the development of intestinal damage in
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), because of its primary involvement in intestinal cells' …