In commemoration of 100 years since the discovery of glucagon, we review current
knowledge about the human α cell. Alpha cells make up 30–40% of human islet endocrine …

A critical-size bone defect is a challenging clinical problem in which a gap between bone
ends will not heal and will become a nonunion. The current treatment is to harvest and …

Key message CRISPR-Cas9-based genome editing and EMS mutagenesis revealed inter-
cultivar differences and additivity in the contribution of TaGW2 homoeologues to grain size …

Non-recirculating tissue-resident memory T cells (TRMs) are the predominant T cell subset
in diverse tissue sites, where they mediate protective immune responses in situ. Here, we …

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a chronic age-related disorder characterized by
hyperglycemia due to the failure of pancreatic beta cells to compensate for increased insulin …

Genetics is a major determinant of susceptibility to autoimmune disorders. Here, we
examined whether genome organization provides resilience or susceptibility to sequence …

Rare diseases impact up to 400 million individuals globally. Of the thousands of known rare
diseases, many are rare neurodevelopmental disorders (RNDDs) impacting children …

Key message Low-lodging high-yielding wheat germplasm and SNP-tagged novel alleles
for lodging were identified in a process that involved selecting donors through functional …

Understanding the diversity and evolution of eukaryotic microorganisms remains one of the
major challenges of modern biology. In recent years, we have advanced in the discovery …

Stress is the response of an organism to demands for change, yet excessive or chronic
stress contributes to nearly all psychiatric disorders. The advent of high-throughput …