PD1 was originally discovered in 1992 as a molecule associated with activation-induced cell
death in T cells. Over the past 30 years, it was found that PD1 has a critical role in avoiding …

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a cytokine that drives the
generation of myeloid cell subsets including neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and …

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has heralded a new era in cancer therapy. Research
into the mechanisms underlying response to ICB has predominantly focused on T cells; …

The innate lymphoid cell (ILC) family is composed of natural killer (NK) cells, ILC1, ILC2 and
ILC3, which participate in immune responses to virus, bacteria, parasites and transformed …

Visualization of the cellular heterogeneity and spatial architecture of the tumor
microenvironment (TME) is becoming increasingly important to understand mechanisms of …

Eosinophils are important effector cells and therapeutic targets in allergic diseases.
Emerging data indicate that eosinophils infiltrate a variety of solid tumor types and have …

More than a decade ago, type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) were discovered to be
members of a family of innate immune cells consisting of five subsets that form a first line of …

Immunotherapies targeting conventional T cells have revolutionized systemic treatment for
many cancers, yet only a subset of patients benefit from these approaches. A better …

Interleukin-25 (IL-25) and group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) defend the host against
intestinal helminth infection and are associated with inappropriate allergic reactions. IL-33 …

The immune system responds to cancer in two main ways. First, there are prewired
responses involving myeloid cells, innate lymphocytes and innate-like adaptive lymphocytes …