Cells' local mechanical environment can be as important in guiding cellular responses as
many well-characterized biochemical cues. Hydrogels that mimic the native extracellular …

Bioinks are formulations of biomaterials and living cells, sometimes with growth factors or
other biomolecules, while extrusion bioprinting is an emerging technique to apply or deposit …

In clinical practice, repairing osteochondral defects presents a challenge due to the varying
biological properties of articular cartilages and subchondral bones. Thus, elucidating how …

Spheroids and organoids are important novel players in medical and life science research.
They are gradually replacing two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures. Indeed, three-dimensional …

The multidisciplinary fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have the
potential to revolutionize the practise of medicine through the abilities to repair, regenerate …

In vitro 3D models are advanced biological tools that have been established to overcome
the shortcomings of oversimplified 2D cultures and mouse models. Various in vitro 3D …

The establishment and maintenance of apical‐basal polarity is a fundamental step in brain
development, instructing the organization of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and the …

Decades of efforts in engineering in vitro cancer models have advanced drug discovery and
the insight into cancer biology. However, the establishment of preclinical models that enable …

Organoids are three‐dimensional (3D) miniaturized versions of organs or tissues that are
derived from cells with stem potential and can self‐organize and differentiate into 3D cell …

Organoids, intricate three-dimensional tissue assemblies derived from either pluripotent or
adult stem cells cultured under laboratory conditions, emerge as a captivating model and …