All cells rely on nutrients to supply energy and carbon building blocks to support cellular
processes. Over time, eukaryotes have developed increasingly complex systems to integrate …

Water-soluble myo-inositol phosphates have long been characterized as second
messengers. The signaling properties of these compounds are determined by the number …

The higher-order inositol phosphate second messengers inositol tetrakisphosphate (IP4),
inositol pentakisphosphate (IP5) and inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) are important …

Inositol phosphates are water-soluble intracellular signaling molecules found in eukaryotes
from yeasts to mammals, which are synthesized by a complex network of enzymes including …

Background: In microenvironment of malignant tumors, Hypoxia-Inducible Factors (HIF),
most importantly HIF-1α, play an important role in regulation of adaptive biological response …

Maintenance of redox balance plays central roles in a plethora of signaling processes.
Although physiological levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are crucial for …

Abstract The Hippo pathway effectors Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP) and its homolog TAZ
are transcriptional coactivators that control gene expression by binding to TEA domain …

T cell-independent (TI) B cell response is critical for the early protection against pathogen
invasion. The regulation and activation of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) is known as a pivotal …

High‐altitude cardiac injury (HACI) is one of the common tissue injuries caused by high‐
altitude hypoxia that may be life threatening. Notoginsenoside R1 (NG‐R1), a major saponin …

Leukemic stem cells (LSCs) in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) contribute to treatment
resistance and disease recurrence. Metabolism regulates LSCs, but the mechanisms remain …