The heme oxygenase (HO) enzyme system catabolizes heme to carbon monoxide (CO),
ferrous iron, and biliverdin-IXα (BV), which is reduced to bilirubin-IXα (BR) by biliverdin …

Physical trauma can affect any individual and is globally accountable for more than one in
every ten deaths. Although direct severe kidney trauma is relatively infrequent, extrarenal …

Vascular diseases are multifactorial, often requiring multiple challenges, or 'hits', for their
initiation. Intra-vascular hemolysis illustrates well the multiple-hit theory where a first event …

We aimed to investigate whether carnosine (a natural dipeptide found in humans) and
crocin (a natural product extracted from saffron and gardenia) can prevent the harmful …

The class of tetrapyrrol “coordination complexes” called hemes are prosthetic group
components of metalloproteins including hemoglobin, which provide functionality to these …

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) requires urgent need for effective
treatment. Severe COVID-19 is characterized by a cytokine storm syndrome with subsequent …

Heme-oxygenase (HO)-1 is a cytoprotective enzyme with strong antioxidant and anti-
apoptotic properties and previous reports have also emphasized the antiviral properties of …

Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is one of the most common causes of acute kidney
injury (AKI). It poses a significant threat to public health, and effective therapeutic drugs are …

Contrast‐induced nephropathy (CIN) is a common complication with adverse outcome after
iodinated‐contrast injection, yet still lacking effective medication. Heme oxygenase‐1 (HO …

Cholestatic liver diseases can progress to end-stage liver disease and reduce patients'
quality of life. Although their underlying mechanisms are still incompletely elucidated …