Abstract Pancrustacea (Hexapoda plus Crustacea) display an enormous diversity of eye
designs, including multiple types of compound eyes and single-chambered eyes, often with …

Sequencing in all areas of the tree of life has produced> 300,000 cytochrome P450 (CYP)
sequences that have been mined and collected. Nomenclature has been assigned to> …

Light represents one of the most reliable environmental cues in the biological world. In this
review we focus on the evolutionary consequences to changes in organismal photic …

The opsin gene family encodes key proteins animals use to sense light and has expanded
dramatically as it originated early in animal evolution. Understanding the origins of opsin …

Background The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is a globally
invasive pest and plant virus vector on a wide array of food, fiber, and ornamental crops. The …

Based on molecular data three major clades have been recognized within Bilateria:
Deuterostomia, Ecdysozoa, and Spiralia. Within Spiralia, small-sized and simply organized …

Opsin proteins are fundamental components of animal vision whose structure largely
determines the sensitivity of visual pigments to different wavelengths of light. Surprisingly …

Background Vertebrate color vision is dependent on four major color opsin subtypes: RH2
(green opsin), SWS1 (ultraviolet opsin), SWS2 (blue opsin), and LWS (red opsin). Together …

Moulting is a characteristic feature of Ecdysozoa—the clade of moulting animals that
includes the hyperdiverse arthropods and less speciose groups, such as onychophorans …

Colour vision allows animals to use the information contained in the spectrum of light to
control important behavioural decisions such as selection of habitats, food or mates. Among …