Several precise point positioning or relative positioning services are available online for
postprocessing static global navigation satellite system (GNSS) data collected on a single …

We compared elevation trajectories from 14 rod surface elevation table (RSET) stations and
60 real-time kinematic (RTK) global positioning system (GPS) transects within the …

Real-time networks (RTNs) have become popular for global navigation satellite system
(GNSS) surveys because highly accurate positions can be derived in seconds to a few …

Abstract The National Geodetic Survey has developed four versions of the online positioning
user service (OPUS) for postprocessing dual-frequency, static global positioning system …

To derive ellipsoid heights on passive marks with centimeter-level accuracy, many current
specifications require the collection and adjustment of long-duration, static, postprocessed …

Leveling is a traditional geodetic surveying technique that has been used to realize a
vertical datum. However, this technique is time consuming and prone to accumulate errors …

Commercially available global navigation satellite system (GNSS) processing software is
user-friendly and can be used in a wide variety of positioning applications from establishing …

Abstract Although the Relative Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning
technique provides high accuracy, it has several drawbacks. The scarcity of control points …

Modern geospatial data are frequently represented in some type of three-dimensional (3D)
coordinate system, for example geodetic latitude, longitude, and ellipsoid height (φ, λ, h) …

The estimation of unknown, but fixed, parameters from observations requires that an
underlying mathematical model exists relating the parameters, the observations, and the …